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''Cristoforo Colombo'' (''Christopher Columbus'', (:kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo)) is an opera in four acts and an epilogue by Alberto Franchetti to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica. It was written in 1892 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in America. Commissioned by the city of Genoa, Columbus' birthplace, the opera deals with the voyage of discovery, its opposition by the Spanish authorities, Columbus' encouragement by Queen Isabella, and finally, after his difficulties and triumph, his anguish when he learns of her death.〔''Opera at Home'', Gramophone Co. Ltd, 3ed, 1925〕 An essentially melodic opera only tangentially influenced by the emerging verismo style, it is harmonically rich, with obvious references to the work of Richard Wagner and Meyerbeer. The Act 2 monologue contains a Rhine-like motif; after cries of ''Terra! Terra!'' the orchestra replies with Tristan-like ecstasy, and then a rainbow bridge-like triumph.〔Mike Richter, (Franchetti: Cristoforo Colombo selections ). Accessed 14 May 2008.〕 Its anti-church elements have been noted, particularly in the opera's earlier versions: it is the clerics who oppose the voyage initially, and who violently attempt to evangelise the South American natives.〔Luca Zoppelli and Arthur Groos, 'Twilight of the True Gods: "Cristoforo Colombo", "I Medici" and the Construction of Italian History', ''Cambridge Opera Journal'', Vol. 8, No. 3, (Nov., 1996), pp. 251-269; Cambridge University Press.〕 ==Performance history== The opera premiered at Genoa's Teatro Carlo Felice on October 6, 1892 conducted by Luigi Mancinelli with sets designed by Ugo Gheduzzi and costumes by Adolf Hohenstein. The same year, it was performed in a revised version at La Scala, Milan. It had a number of performances throughout Italy, many of them conducted by Arturo Toscanini, and in Buenos Aires. The opera's North American premiere was presented by the Philadelphia-Chicago Grand Opera Company at the Philadelphia Metropolitan Opera House on November 20, 1913, with Titta Ruffo in the title role, Rosa Raisa as Queen Isabella of Spain, Amedeo Bassi as Don Fernan Guevara, and Gustave Huberdeau as Don Roldana Ximenes. Despite initial stage success, a massive cut of the first version, of some 100 pages of orchestral score, led to the published version; a set of adventures in America in acts 3 and 4 having been considered too long. The final version of 1923 contained three acts, omitting the American content altogether, although containing much of its music. One of Luigi Illica's first librettos, it had a difficult gestation due to difficulties with the composer. Illica withdrew his name from the project after the first performance.〔Luca Zoppelli and Arthur Groos, 'Twilight of the True Gods: "Cristoforo Colombo", "I Medici" and the Construction of Italian History', ''Cambridge Opera Journal'', Vol. 8, No. 3, (Nov., 1996), pp. 251-269; Cambridge University Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cristoforo Colombo (opera)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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